1] Liberals were not democrats. Explain.
Ans : liberals were one of the groups that wanted to change the society by moderate means. They wanted to reform it as a nation that would tolerate all religion. The uncontrolled power of dynastic rules was opposed by liberals. They wanted to fight for a representative elected parliamentary government to safeguard the right of individual against a government subjected to law, interpreted by well judiciary, independent of rulers and officials. They however were not democrats and did not believe in universal franchise- Right to vote to every citizen. They felt that the property owner mainly should caste the vote. They also did not want any voting rights for women.
2] Describe the view of radicals.
Ans : The view of radicals is as follows:
I] The group who wanted to bring about immediate social change in Russia was radicals. ii] They wanted a government on the majority of country’s population.
Iii] They were against private property.
3] What are the views of Robert Owen and Louis Blanc related to cooperatives. Explain.
Ans : i] Views of Robert Owen : He sought to build a cooperative community called New Harmony in Indiana ( USA). He was a leading English manufacturer.
ii] Views of Louis Blanc : In France Blanc wanted the government to encourage cooperative and replace capitalist enterprise.
iii] These cooperative were two associations of people who produced goods together and divided the profit according to the work done by members.
4] State one different idea each of liberals, radicals and conservatives.
Ans : Different ideas are as follows:
I] Liberals believed in changing society, think that only propertied men should have right to vote.
ii] Radicals believed in rules of majority, supported women’s right to vote.
iii] Conservatives approved both liberals and radicals, accepted the change but believed that past has to be respected.
5] Explain the philosophy of Karl Marx.
Ans:I. Workers had to overthrow Capitalism and the rule of private property.
II All property should be socially controlled.
III. Freedom from capitalist exploitation.
IV. A communist society was the natured society.
V. Workers should construct radically socialist society where all property was socially controlled in a communist state.
6] State the reasons for the collapsed of Tzarist autocracy in 1917.
OR
Why did Tzarist autocracy collapse in 1917?
Ans : Due to the autocratic government of Tzar Nicholas II , the condition of the Russian people, farmer and factory workers was highly miserable. As a result , his autocracy collapsed in 1917.
I] The peasant worked as serf on the land. Most of the produce went to the privileged classes and landowner. As a result, farmers suffered from hunger. Later ,due to these oppressive policies and out of frustration , the farmers refuse to pay rent to the landlords.
II] The worker did not form any trade union and political parties to express their grievances. The worker did not get even the minimum fixed wages. They used to work for 12-15 hours a day, due to no limit of working hours.
III] Karl Marx taught the people to raise a standard revolt.
Iv] The revolution of 1905 also proved a dress rehearsal of the revolution of 1917.
V] Tzar’s participation and defeat in the First world War served the last reason of failure of his autocracy in 1917.
7] Explain the economic and social condition of Russia before the revolution of 1905.
Ans : Socio – economic condition of Russia :
A] About 85 % of the Russian population earned their living from agriculture.
B] Industry was found in pocket and craftsman took much of the production.
C] Most industries were the private property of industrialist.
D] In craft unit and small workshops, the working days were sometime 15 hours.
E] Accommodation varied from rooms to dormitories.
F] Workers were divided in social groups.
G] Women made up 31 % of the factory labour and were paid less.
8] what is Duma? How did Duma work under Tzar?
Ans : An elected consultative of parliaments is known as Duma.
I] The Duma is the Parliament of the people of Russia
II] The Tzar dismissed the first Duma with in 75days and he re- elected second Duma within three months.
III] He did not want any questioning of his authority or any reduction in his power.
IV] He changed the voting laws and packed the third Duma with conservative politicians. Liberals and revolutionaries were kept out.
9] Describe any three changes introduced in Russia by Czar Nicolas-II during the Revolution.
Ans : Reforms introduced by Czar Nicolas-II:
I] Creation of an elected Parliament or Duma.
II] Trade unions and factory committees were declared illegal.
III] Voting laws were changed and the Duma was packed with conservative politician- liberals and revolutionaries were kept out.
10] Mention the three major demands raised by Russian worker who went on strike at St. Peterburg in 1904.
Ans : The demands raised by Russian workers:
I] Reduction of working timings into eight hours.
II] Increased in wages.
III] Improvement in working conditions.
11] What were the main demands of April Thesis?
OR
Explain the Lenin’s April Thesis’.
OR
Describe the three major demands of Bolshevik during 1917.
An: Demands :
I] Lenin returned to Russia from exile and felt that it was a time of soviet to take over power. He declared that the war is brought to a close, land be transferred to the peasants and banks nationalised. He also argued to rename Bolshevik party as Communist party.
II] Started planning on upraising against government with the support of army.
III] Military Revolutionary Committee was planned to seize the power and bring the city under control.
12] Explain the contribution of Lenin in the Russian Revolution.
Ans : The contributions of the Lenin in the Russian Revolution are:
I] the political objectives were achieved when Tzar abdicated his throne.
II] Economic and social revolutions of October, 1917 were directed by Lenin.
III] Lenin united the workers and peasants.
IV] He took control of the government and became president.
V] Peace, Land and bread became communist slogans.
13] State any three consequences of the February Revolution of 1917 in Russia.
Ans: Consequence of February Revolution of 1917:
I] The government suspended the Duma.
II] People raised slogans about bread, wages, better hours and democracy.
III] Police headquarters were ransacked.
IV] Cavalry refused to fire at the demonstrators.
V] Soldiers joined the workers to form a council called the Soviet.
VI] Tzar accepted his defeat.
14] State the three measures taken by the Provisional Government to suppress the Bolshevik influence.
Ans : Provisional government took following measures:
I] Took stern measure against spreading the discontent.
II] Resisted attempts by workers to run factories and began arresting leaders.
III] Sternly repressed Bolshevik demonstration as a result many Bolshevik leaders had to flee.
IV] Seized buildings of two Bolshevik newspapers
V] Took over telephone and telegraph offices to protect Winter palace.
15] Describe the events that led to the 1905 Revolution of Russia.
Ans : Causes of 1905 Revolution:
I] Prices of essential goods rose very high.
II] Dismissal of 4 members of the assembly of Russian workers.
III] strike by 10,000 workers in St Peterburg.
16] Describe the incident known as ‘ Bloody Sunday’. State any two events after the Bloody Sunday which led to the Revolution of 1905 in Russia.
Ans : The incident of attack by police over protesting workers demanding improvement in working condition in Russia which led many workers killed and wounded is known as ‘Bloody Sunday’
Events after that:
I] Strike took place all over the country , universities closed down.
II] Lawyers, doctors, engineer and other middle class workers established the union of unions and demanded a Constituent Assembly.
17] Describe the five changes brought about by the Bolsheviks immediately after the October Revolution.
Ans: Changes brought about by the Bolsheviks after the October Revolution:
I] Land was declared the social property and peasants were allowed to seize the land of the nobility.
II] Enforced the partition of large house.
III] Old titles of aristocracy were banned.
IV] The entire army was reorganised.
V] Though the Bolsheviks failed to win the majority in the elections in 1918, they remained in power.
VI] All other parties were banned.
VII] Secret police service was started to crush the opponent.
VIII] Banned the use of old titles of aristocracy.
IX] New uniforms were designed for the army and officials.
18] Who was Marfa Vasilova?
Ans : She was a brave worker who alone organised a successful strike.
19] Explain the view of socialist on the private property. Name the international body set up to spread and coordinate their efforts.
Ans : I] Socialist were against private property and saw it as a root of all social evils.
II] They favoured society as a whole rather than single individual.
III] Marx stated that under capitalist’s society the main object of industrialist is to earn profit. He believed the condition of the workers could not improve as long as profit was accumulated by private capitalists.
IV] For this workers had to overthrow capitalism and rule of private property. They had to construct a radically socialist society where all property was socially controlled .This would be a communist society.
V] A communist society was the natural society of the future. To coordinate their efforts socialist formed the international body namely the ‘ Second International’.
20] Explain any five differences between the peasants of Europe and peasants of Russia.
Ans :
Peasants of Europe
Peasants of Russia
They formed the union and fought better
Wages and good living conditions. They had no proper union and association initially. It came up much later.
The workers were united in their demands for political rights and reduction in work hours. The workers were not united. They were divided on the basis of occupation.
The worker association had close ties with the political parties and themselves formed political parties. For e.g. The labour party in Britain. The workers associations were considered as illegal and were suppressed.
In France, during the French revolution in Brittany peasants had the respect for noble and fought for them. But in Russia, the peasant had no regards for the nobility and often revolted against them.
The peasant in Europe had political rights and enjoyed them. The peasant did not enjoy any political rights.
21] State any five events that led to February Revolution in Petrograd.
Ans : 1] Strike of workers on 22nd February, 1917 took place.
2] On Sunday , 25th February, the government suspended the Duma. Politician spoke out against this measure
3] On the 27th February, the police Headquarters were ransacked. The street thronged with people rising slogans about bread, wages better hours and democracy.
4] Demonstrators returned in force to the street to the left bank.
5] When the government call the cavalry to control the situation, the cavalry refused. Striking workers had gathered to form a Soviet or council, the day Tzar abdicated on the advice of his commanders.
22]Mentions the three factors responsible for the failure provisional government which was formed Russian Revolution .
Ans : 1] Government could not honour its problem and failed to feel the pulse of the nations.
2] Government failed to give the land to the people.
3] Government could not treat the worker demands of control over industry.
4] It could not grant non Russian nationalist status at par with the Russian people.
5] Various leaders forwarded better progress action before the people.
23] Explain any three features that led Stalin to launch the collectivization programme.
Ans : Collectivization of Stalin was prompted:
1] Acute shortage of grain.
2] Refusal of peasants to sell their grain at a fixed price.
3] Stocking holding by rich peasants and traders.
4] Shortage of grain production due to small holding.
5]The idea of modernizing farm.
24] Explain the three measure adopted by Stalin to impose restriction on Kulaks( well –to- do peasants) in Russia.
Ans : Measured adopted by Stalin:
1] To develop modern farm he eliminated Kulaks and established large farms.
2] The bulks of land and implements were transferred to the ownership of collective farms.
3] Peasants worked on the land and the kolkhoz profit was shared.
25] Explain the three reasons which led to Civil war between the Bolsheviks and the Russian army of Non Bolsheviks.
Ans :1] Redistribution of land by Bolsheviks.
2]Soldiers wanted to go back to their homes.
3] Non Bolsheviks were against the Bolsheviks popularity.
4] They were backed by French, American and British to the end Socialism
5]supporters of private property took harsh action steps with peasants who had seized land. So , Non Bolsheviks lost the popular support.
26] Why didn’t Stalin’s policy of collectivisation yield immediate results? Explain any three reasons.
Ans : 1] State controlled collective farm called Kolkhoz were established by confiscating peasant land and elimination of Kulaks.
2] Enraged peasants resisted the authorities and destroyed their livestock’s (between 1929 -1931, the number of cattle fell by 1/3 )
3] Bad harvest of 1930-1933 led to one of the devastating famines in soviet history taking a toll of over 4 million people, Inspite of collectivization , production did not increase immediately.
27] Describe the importance of Battle of Stanlingard in the Second World War.
Ans :1] The battle of Stalingard was fought between Russia and Germany on Russia territory.
2] This battle is considered important because it marked the defeat of Germany and Hitler along with Nazi party.
3] Hitler has signed non aggression treaty with Russia in August 1939 A.D . since he did not have faith in Russia he considered Russia as a vital threat to Nazi Germany.
4] Hitler also had imperial designs on the fertile Ukraine Basin and its mines
5]He also wanted to Europeanize the area of the Asian Steppe.
6] Due to the above mentioned reasons, Hitler violated the Pact of 1939 and attacked Russia from three sides.
7] This led to a battle in Stalingard near Moscow.
8] The Germany failed to capture Stalingard. The lack of preparation of German soldiers and heavy rains and frosts in the month of October. This led to failure of Hitler’s campaign.
9] In all Hitler exposed the German western British aerial bonding. Eastern front was to powerful soviet Army. In this battle Germany suffered a lot and soviet hegemony was established over entire Eastern Europe.
28] Explain Stalin’s collectivisation programme.
Ans: Collectivisation was a policy done Joseph Stalin. The main goal of this policy was to consolidate individual and labour into collective farms.
Steps taken to implement the policy of collectivization:
1] Party forced all peasants to cultivate in collective farms ( 1929).
2] The bulk of the land and implements were transferred to the ownership of the collective farm.
3] The peasants worked on the land and the Kolkhoz profit was shared.
4]Enraged peasants resisted the authorities and destroyed their livestock.
5] In 1928, party members toured the grain producing areas , supervising enforced grain collection and raiding Kulaks.
6] Those that resisted collectivization were severely punished.
7] Stalin’s government allowed some independent cultivation but treated such cultivator without any sympathy.
29] What is collectivisation ? Who introduce this and why ? State any two consequences of it?
An : After 1917, land has been given over to peasants these small sized peasant farms could not modernized. To develop modern farm need more industrial lines with machinery. It’s necessary to eliminate Kulaks take away land from peasants and establish state controlled farms which is known as collectivisation
1] The collectivization programme was introduced by Stalin to solve the acute problem a supplies.
2] (a) Inspite of collectivization immediately.
(b) Those that resisted collectivization they were severely punished.
30] Analyse any 5 effects of the First World War in Russia ?
Ans : Impact of the First World War over Russia:
1] Russian army lost badly between 1914-1917
2] There were over 7 Million causalities.
3] Russian army retreated and destroyed crop , buildings to prevent the enemy from the being to live off the land.
4] This destruction led to over 3 million refugees.
5] Soldiers did not wish to fight this war .
6] The war had severe impact on industries.
7] The country has cut off from other supplier’s industrial growth.
8] Men were called up to war leading to shortage of labour.
31] Describe any 3 points of Global impact of the Russian Revolution.
Ans : Global impact of the Russian Revolution
1] In many countries communist parties were formed e.g. : communist parties of Great Britain.
2] An International Union of Pro Bolsheviks socialist party was formed called ‘Comintern’.
3] Bolsheviks encouraged the nationalist movements in Asia and Africa.
4] Russia Revolution redefined democracy and stated that political equality is meaningless without social and economic equality.
5] By the time of the outbreak of Second World War , USSR had given socialism a global face and world stature.
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ideal 9 